Grand Rapids — Ch. 176 Human Rights § 9.958
Discriminatory Housing Practices
Operative Text
(1) The opportunity to purchase, lease, rent, sell, use, convey, and finance housing without discrimination on the basis of actual or perceived membership in a protected class as identified in Section 9.955 of this Chapter is hereby recognized and declared to be a civil right. (2) The provisions of Chapter 160 of the City Code shall apply to discriminatory housing practices, including but not limited to those provisions governing discriminatory housing and financial practices, exceptions, blockbusting, and violations. (3) In addition to the exemptions contained in Chapter 160 of the City Code, the following considerations may result in exceptions to discriminatory housing practices: (a) Safety. Any decision based upon the reasonable and well-substantiated belief that an individual's physical or mental health poses a serious threat to the health, safety, and welfare of the individual, other residents, or other persons (b) Conviction Record. History of criminal conviction may be considered in housing decisions, although arrest with no conviction may not be considered. An outright ban on prospective tenants with a criminal background is prohibited. Landlords must carefully consider, on a case-by-case basis, the nature and severity of the crime, the age of the individual at the time of the crime, whether there have been repeat offenses, whether the individual maintained a good tenant history before or after the conviction, evidence of rehabilitation efforts, and whether the crime for which the individual was convicted may pose a demonstrable risk to the health, safety or welfare of other residents or persons (which would include manufacturing or distributing illegal drugs) or to property. (c) Competence. Any decision which is based upon the reasonable and well-substantiated belief that an individual is incapable of satisfactorily fulfilling reasonable responsibilities associated with the housing arrangement. (d) The following are not legitimate exceptions: i. The anticipated or actual objections of other residents, neighbors, or persons. ii. Mere inconvenience, less than an undue hardship, to a housing agent in procuring or providing reasonable aid to a member of a protected class to accommodate that individual's needs.
Grand Rapids Ch. 176 § 9.958 establishes access to housing — including purchasing, renting, leasing, and financing — as a civil right, free from discrimination based on actual or perceived membership in a protected class. The provision incorporates the enforcement framework of Chapter 160 of the City Code and identifies narrow exceptions, such as documented safety concerns or demonstrated competence issues, that may justify differential treatment. Notably, while a landlord may consider an applicant's criminal conviction history on a case-by-case basis, blanket bans on applicants with criminal records are explicitly prohibited, and arrest records alone cannot be used as a basis for denial.
Plain English — not legal advice.
Under Grand Rapids Ch. 176 § 9.958, compliant housing operators evaluate each applicant as an individual rather than applying categorical exclusions based on protected-class membership or criminal background. When a conviction record is part of the review, operators generally document their individualized assessment of factors such as the nature of the offense, time elapsed, evidence of rehabilitation, and any demonstrable risk to other residents or property. Operators also recognize that neighbor objections or minor inconveniences do not constitute legitimate grounds for an exception, and that the enforcement provisions of Chapter 160 of the City Code apply to any discriminatory housing or financial practices.
General guidance for property managers — not legal advice for your specific situation. Consult an attorney for advice on your case.
Grand Rapids Ch. 176 § 9.958 affirms that housing access is a civil right and that tenants and applicants belonging to protected classes are shielded from discriminatory practices in renting, purchasing, and financing. If an applicant believes they were denied housing based on a protected characteristic — or subjected to an unlawful blanket criminal-background ban — the enforcement mechanisms of Chapter 160 of the City Code provide a potential avenue for redress. Individuals who believe their rights under § 9.958 have been violated may consider contacting the Grand Rapids Human Rights Commission or a local tenant-rights organization to understand available complaint processes.
General guidance for tenants — not legal advice for your specific situation. Consult a tenant-rights organization or attorney for advice on your case.
Generated October 13, 2026 — auto-generated, not yet human-reviewed. See /transparency for methodology.
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