Cal. Civ. Code § 36-96.17
Civil action by Attorney General; matters involving the legality of any local zoning or other land use ordinance; pattern or practice cases; or referral of conciliation agreement for enforcement.
Operative Text
A. If the Board determines, after consultation with the Office of the Attorney General, that an alleged discriminatory housing practice involves (i) the legality of any local zoning or land use ordinance or (ii) activity proscribed in subsection C of § 36-96.3 , instead of issuing a charge, the Board shall immediately refer the matter to the Attorney General for civil action in the appropriate circuit court for appropriate relief. A civil action under this subsection shall be commenced no later than the expiration of 18 months after the date of the occurrence or the termination of the alleged discriminatory housing practice. B. Whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights granted by this chapter, or that any group of persons has been denied any of the rights granted by this chapter and such denial raises an issue of general public importance, the Attorney General may commence a civil action in the appropriate circuit court for appropriate relief. C. In the event of a breach of a conciliation agreement by a respondent, the Board may authorize a civil action by the Attorney General. The Attorney General may commence a civil action in any appropriate circuit court for appropriate relief. A civil action under this subsection shall be commenced no later than the expiration of 90 days after the referral of such alleged breach. D. The Attorney General, on behalf of the Board, or other party at whose request a subpoena is issued, under this chapter, may enforce such subpoena in appropriate proceedings in the appropriate circuit court. E. In a civil action under subsections A, B, and C, the court may: 1. Award such preventive relief, including a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order against the person responsible for a violation of this chapter as is necessary to assure the full enjoyment of the rights granted by this chapter. 2. Assess a civil penalty against the respondent (i) in an amount not exceeding $50,000 for a first violation and (ii) in an amount not exceeding $100,000 for any subsequent violation. 3. Award the prevailing party reasonable attorney fees and costs. The Commonwealth shall be liable for such fees and costs to the extent provided by the Code of Virginia. The court or jury may award such other relief to the aggrieved person, as the court deems appropriate, including compensatory damages, and punitive damages without limitation otherwise imposed by state law. F. Upon timely application, any person may intervene in a civil action commenced by the Attorney General under subsection A, B, or C that involves an alleged discriminatory housing practice with respect to which such person is an aggrieved person or a party to a conciliation agreement. The court may grant such appropriate relief to any such intervening party as is authorized to be granted to a plaintiff in a civil action under § 36-96.18 .
Va. Code § 36-96.17 establishes a framework under which the Virginia Attorney General may bring civil actions in circuit court to address discriminatory housing practices. The provision covers three main triggers: referrals from the Fair Housing Board involving zoning or land-use legality questions or certain prohibited conduct, independent Attorney General action when a pattern or practice of rights-denial is identified, and enforcement of breached conciliation agreements. Courts handling these civil actions may issue injunctions, award compensatory and punitive damages, impose civil penalties up to $50,000 for a first violation and up to $100,000 for subsequent violations, and grant attorney fees and costs.
Plain English — not legal advice.
Property owners and managers operating in Virginia should be aware that Va. Code § 36-96.17 empowers the Attorney General to pursue civil litigation—not just administrative proceedings—when discriminatory housing practices are alleged. A compliant operator maintains consistent, documented, non-discriminatory policies across all housing transactions, including those touching on zoning or land-use decisions, to avoid conduct that could trigger a Board referral or a pattern-or-practice investigation. Operators who have entered into conciliation agreements should treat those agreements as binding obligations, since a breach can independently prompt Attorney General civil action under this section.
General guidance for property managers — not legal advice for your specific situation. Consult an attorney for advice on your case.
Va. Code § 36-96.17 provides an important enforcement pathway for people who believe they have experienced housing discrimination in Virginia, including situations where a prior conciliation agreement was not honored by the other party. Aggrieved individuals have the right to intervene in civil actions brought by the Attorney General under this section, and courts may award compensatory damages, punitive damages, and attorney fees to prevailing parties. Tenants who believe their fair housing rights have been violated may consider contacting the Virginia Fair Housing Board, a local tenant-rights organization, or a legal aid office to understand how this provision's civil action framework might apply to their circumstances.
General guidance for tenants — not legal advice for your specific situation. Consult a tenant-rights organization or attorney for advice on your case.
Generated October 22, 2026 — auto-generated, not yet human-reviewed. See /transparency for methodology.
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